Active tectonics have a lasting influence on landscapes and constitute a major factor in the mobility, settlement, and dispersion of human populations. By altering hydrological networks, landforms, and shelter possibilities, seismic activity directly affects settlement conditions on timescales compatible with the evolution of ecosystems and human societies. The proximity of water resources, essential for habitation sites, is particularly sensitive to tectonic deformations, while major earthquakes (Mw 6 to 8) can lead to the destruction of sites and cause population displacements. In orogenic contexts, the interactions between tectonics and climate amplify these effects, with the terrain controlling both precipitation patterns and ecosystem diversity.
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